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Shroud
of Turin Resources
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The Turin Shroud has been conclusively dated to between 1260-1390 AD with 95% confidence by three independent radio-carbon dating tests. There is no contradictory science. However, Shroudies source unpublished studies and junk science from Shroud activists to support their assertion that the artifact is the authentic burial cloth of Jesus and that the image was created by a bodily resurrection event that expended 34,000 billion watts of energy. Di Lazzaro made the assertion about the 34,000 billion watts of light radiation required to make the Shroud's image only in a presentation at an international Shroudie conference, but not in his own published paper on the subject. A note about peer-review; if the authors of a study have confidence in their data, they would submit it to an accredited journal for validation. If the review board of the accredited journal found the work was accurate, used proper methodology and reasoning, it would have been submitted for peer-review by subject matter experts. If peer-review judged the work to be valid, it would have been published. |
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Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 1980: John Heller and Alan Adler Cited to support the assertion that human blood was found on the Shroud. |
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The Shroud of Turin and the bilirubin blood stains Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 1990: Carlo Goldoni Shroudies have a problem explaining why the stain areas on the Shroud are red when actual dried blood is black. Of course it is red because it was painted with red ochre pigment. Dried blood is always black. The explanation comes from this paper which asserts that the color of the stains are red because torture produces a high concentration of bilirubin, which is also red. Fun fact: bilirubin is yellow. Of course, this paper was never published as science and cites the above Heller and Adler paper who also never published their paper scientifically. See how this works? |
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Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin 1989: P. E. Damon, et al. "The results of radio-carbon measurements at Arizona, Oxford, and Zurich yield a calibrated calendar age with at least 95% confidence for the linen of the Shroud of Turin to 1260-1390 AD. These results provide conclusive evidence that the Shroud of Turin is medieval." |
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2015: Orit Shamira "The Turin shroud is made of linen Z-spun in a 3/1 herringbone twill pattern. All the linen textiles from the Land of Israel until the medieval period are S-spun, plain weave tabby." |
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Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud 2015: Gianni Barcaccia, et al. "In 1978 and 1988, dust particles were vacuumed from the interspace between the Shroud and the Holland Cloth sewn to it as reinforcement." This study is often cited to erroneously support the idea that the blood stain images contain blood from which DNA was extracted. The pollen recovered from those vacuuming were used for the below study. This study is also used to claim that pollen that is unique to Jerusalem was found on the Shroud. The fact is, there were 54 different types of pollen from plants mostly from the eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. |
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New Insights on Blood Evidence from the Turin Shroud Consistent with Jesus Christ's Tortures 2024: Giulio Fanti Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. Used to explain that only blood proteins (not blood) were found on the Shroud because extreme torture caused chemical changes. |
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The relics of Jesus and Eucharistic miracles: scientific analysis of shared AB blood type 2024: Kelly Kearse Used to promote the falsehood that blood (Type AB) was found on the Shroud. It concludes, "Indeed, the most likely explanation for such observations is that they result from the presence of common antigens present on bacteria." Note that it is commentary, not science. |
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Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the shroud of Turin 2004: Raymond Rogers Cited to show that the 1998 radio-carbon dating samples were taken from a medieval repair patch.
Pyrolysis/Mass Spectrometry Applied to the Shroud of Turin 2004: Raymond Rogers Cited to show that the sample location was a medieval repair patch because Madder root dye was found only on the sample. This theory was falsified in the following study and from McCrone's data. Rogers
is featured prominently on this Wiki
page about fringe Shroud theories including his "bio-contamination
theory", "corona discharge theory", "Maillard reaction
hypothesis", and "vanillin loss theory" which were floated
after he secretly retained undocumented Shroud threads and compared them
to other undocumented Shroud threads. |
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Scientific Results On The Turin Shroud Coming From A Paduan University Research Project 2015: Giulio Fanti This paper's title informs the reader that it isn't science: "INTRODUCTORY PAPER" But that doesn't stop Shroudies from citing it as purported proof that the Shorud was erroneously dated; "...the 1988 radiocarbon result is not statistically reliable, probably because of environmental pollution." Of course the reference for that is Roger's paper. Yes, the one cited above that was falsified. This non-science paper concludes, "All the evidence is in favor of the hypothesis that the TS Man is Jesus of Nazareth." |
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2015: Marco Bella, Luigi Garlaschelli, Roberto Samperi |
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Photogrammetric Responses From The Shroud of Turin 1999: Peter M. Schumacher Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. Used to show the Shroud has unique 3-D properties when analyzed by a VP-8 Image Analyzer. |
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Life-size Reproduction of the Shroud of Turin and its Image 2010: Luigi Garlaschelli Garlaschelli created a replica Shroud by using materials and methods discovered by McCrone from the 1300s |
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Image Formation on the Holy Shroud: A Digital 3D Approach 2025: Cicero Moraes [this is not Father Guido Sarducci] The comparative analysis between the three-dimensional low-relief models revealed that the Shroud's image has greater compatibility with low-relief matrices, showing less anatomical distortion and greater fidelity to the observed contours, in contrast to distorted projections generated by a three-dimensional human body. These results support the hypothesis that the Shroud may be an artistic representation, possibly created during the medieval period, aligning with funerary art practices and artistic techniques of the time. The author references some of the practices I have been calling out: "...practices of self-citation, publications in predatory journals, and article retraction, all associated with the opponents and materials related to their research on the Shroud of Turin." |
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Pollens on the Shroud: A Study in Deception 1994: Joe Nickell "The pollen study was an exercise in either self-deception or outright scientific fraud." |
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Exploration of the Face of the Turin Shroud. Pollens Studied by SEM Analysis 2015: Gérard Lucotte Used to support claim that pollen unique to Judea was discovered on the Shroud. There were 54 different types of pollen from plants found in areas of the Middle East and Turkey vacuumed off of the backing of the Shroud. |
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Ancient coin with "real face" of Jesus "proves" that Christianity's most debated issue is TRUE 2025: Daily Mail [snicker] "Justin Robinson, historian at The London Mint Office, notes that the coin's tiny portrait astonishingly reproduces a distinctive cross shape nearly identical to the features seen on the Shroud of Turin." "In my opinion, the obvious similarities between the coin and the face on the Shroud show what the engravers saw in Constantinople [where the Shroud was displayed] in the tenth century," Robinson, who purchased the coin in 2018, told the Daily Mail. "If coin engravers were copying the face on the Shroud in the tenth century, then it stands to reason that the Shroud cannot be a late medieval fake" Robinson said. Or... the man who painted the Shroud in the 14th century copied the image from one of the 10th century coins. But the man who owns the coin wants you to believe the absurd instead. |
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Identification of the Group of the Traces of Human Blood on the Shroud 1983: Bollone, et al. Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. Used to support assertion that human blood was discovered on the Shroud. No human blood has ever been found on the Shroud. "Sufficient reasons exist to accept as established that traces of blood are present on the Shroud. In 1980 Heller and Adler obtained the conversion of a heme to a porphirin on a specimen taken from the surface of the Shroud with "sticky tape". Forensic hematology investigations have demonstrated the factual presence of blood." So, this non-science paper sources other non-science papers to assert "factual presence of blood", yet those sources only found the presence of proteins and iron and, notably, no potassium was found (a main component of blood). Those proteins and iron were the main ingredients of the binders and fixatives used in medieval paintings. |
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A Chemical Investigation of the Shroud of Turin 1981: John Heller and Alan Adler Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. Used to support assertion that human blood was discovered on the Shroud. No human blood has ever been found on the Shroud. The red stains are from the red ochre pigment that was used. Dried blood is always black under a microscope and the Shroud's stains are red. The stains also contain iron oxide and no potassium. |
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Blood on the Shroud of Turin: An Immunological Review 2012: Kelly Kearse Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. Used to support the assertion that human blood was discovered on the Shroud from this excerpt, "Each individual blood wound shows a distinct serum clot retraction ring; such blood halos are only visible under ultraviolet light, a detail that a forger is unlikely to have been familiar with." No published science has ever found any human blood on the Shroud. |
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A Comprehensive Examination of the Various Stains and Images on the Shroud of Turin 1984: Adler, Heller, et al. Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. This paper is used to support the assertion that human blood was found on the Shroud with this excerpt, "First, let us turn to the blood images. These are clearly made of blood, likely human; however, we cannot state absolutely that the blood is of human origin." There is no published science that has discovered human blood on the Shroud. "Although
this observation indicates that the Shroud is Four years later, three radio-carbon dating tests were performed and they dated it conclusively to between 1260-1390 AD. There is no contradictory science. |
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The Carbon Dating of the Shroud is explained by Neutron Absorption Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 2020: Robert Rucker Used to promote the theory that the Shroud cannot be accurately radio-carbon dated due to the consequence of the bodily resurrection that emitted neutrons onto the Shroud which then formed new carbon 14 atoms.
He got this idea from this letter to the editor.
None published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 2016-2024: Robert Rucker He refers to himself as "Independent researcher" and his affiliation as "Shroud Research Network", which is his own organization. He only posts papers (at least 40 now) to his own website and he footnotes his own papers and self-cites himself. |
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X-ray Dating of a Turin Shroud’s Linen Sample (WAXS) 2022: Liberato De Caro Published and peer-reviewed by MDPI Heritage [snicker], a well-known predatory journal that accepts payments in exchange for lax reviews. Used to support the assertion that the Shroud is dated to the first century by this new and improved dating method created by him, solely to date the Shroud. WAXS for dating ancient linens has never been validated by the scientific community. De Caro himself refers to the results as "experimental" himself, using the term 21 times ("experimental results", "experimental quantities", "experimental "evaluation", "experimental set-up", and "experimental data"). Wiki: "The WAXS technique is used to determine the degree of crystallinity of polymer samples. It can also be used to determine the chemical composition or phase composition of a film, the texture of a film (preferred alignment of crystallites), the crystallite size and presence of film stress."
Atomic resolution studies detect new biologic evidences on the Turin Shroud Retracted by the review board for bad science and for concealing their conflict of interest. This study is still cited as evidence that blood serum rings were found on the Shroud even though it was retracted by the editorial board and acknowledged that forgery was involved in creating the artifact. 2017: Liberato De Caro |
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STURP Final Report: Examination of the Shroud Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 1981: Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) Used to promote the idea human blood was discovered on the Shroud based on this, "The blood stains are composed of hemoglobin and also give a positive test for serum albumin." Note that those who claim blood is present actually refer to blood proteins. And those same proteins are found in pigment fixatives used in the period. The proteins came from the dry pigment mixed with water and a glue of made of proteinaceous tempera. Importantly, other components of blood, such as potassium, were not found on the Shroud (which is where the theory that torture caused the chemical changes came into being). McCrone, part of the STURP team, published his data in 1998 that found the "blood" was painted with vermilion in a gelatin medium and concluded, "There is no blood on the Shroud." |
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New Evidence May Explain Image on Shroud of Turin Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 1986: Biblical Archaeology Review Used to promote that idea that soil samples from this dig match limestone that is unique to Jerusalem that was found on the Shroud. This is all complete nonsense with no supporting evidence or science. |
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Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 2015: National Geographic Di Lazzaro asserted that the Shroud could only have been created by a burst of light that "exceeds the maximum power released by all ultraviolet light sources available today. It would require "pulses having durations shorter than one forty-billionth of a second, and intensities on the order of several billion watts."
That got processed through Christian brains as 34,000 trillion watts on this widely disseminated and quoted slide presentation (Slide 48): Is the Shroud the actual burial cloth of Jesus?
Di Lazzaro made that claim to National Geographic but never claimed anything near that in his paper on the subject five years earlier: Deep Ultraviolet Radiation Simulates the Turin Shroud Image Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 2010: Paolo Di Lazzaro, G. Fanti |
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Systematic Evaluation of Recent Research on the Shroud of Turin 2024: Tristan Casabianca Casabianca footnotes 83 papers (including ten of his own) to assert a "99% probability that the Shroud of Turin is the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth" based solely on a "Bayesian framework". In other words, because there are so many papers asserting that the cloth is the authentic burial shroud of Jesus, that it must be true. See how this works... |
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Dating The Shroud Of Turin: Weighing All The Evidence Not published by an accredited journal nor peer-reviewed. 2011: Raymond J. Schneider This paper is cited to support the idea that limestone unique to Jerusalem, specifically near the Damascus Gate, was found on the feet of the Shroud image. |
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Commonalities Between the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo 2015: Alfonso Sánchez New
coincidence between Shroud of Turin and Sudarium of 2015: C. Barta, R. Álvarez Published by open access "alternative journals". These papers are cited to support the idea that blood stains on the Shroud match those of the Sudarium of Oviedo. Since the Sudarium was radio-carbon dated to 700 AD and has a known history dating to 570 AD, this is used to support the idea that radio-carbon dating is generally unreliable and that therefore the Shroud has a history also dating to at least 570 AD which logically means the radio-carbon dating tests on the Shroud are inaccurate. |
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$1,000,000 Shroud Reproduction Challege ("The Challenge") is rescinded 2025: Who Can He Be "After two-and-a-half years during which no-one has attempted to claim this $1m prize, the producers have now decided to bring the Challenge to an end. Given that there are many people, including some artists and scientists, who continue to promote the claim that the Shroud is the work of a medieval forger, it is perhaps quite telling that not one of them, or any other contenders, applied to compete for this $1m reward." The challenge was offered only to Americans. Garlaschelli is Itailian and was working for his Italian university, so it was their intellectual property. But once the method for creating replicas was published (by using the methods and materials discovered by McCrone), the offer was rescinded before anyone could claim it. |
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